In a huge victory for the right to privacy over the need of law enforcement to investigate crimes, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that unless exigent circumstances are present, police may not search the cellphones of criminal suspects without a warrant. Riley v. California (2014)(the current cases are U.S. v. Wurie (13-212) and Riley v. California (13-132)). Chief Justice John Roberts writing for the court stated: “We cannot deny that our decision today will have an impact on the ability of law enforcement to combat crime.” The government’s reach into private data of an accused becomes increasingly more complicated and complex with each new technological advance.The police now won’t be able to touch a suspect’s cellphone until they apply for a warrant. “Privacy comes at a cost.”
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects against “unreasonable searches and seizures” but allows the government in limited circumstances to intrude into our privacy rights for the preservation of evidence and for safety concerns. Police can conduct initial pat-downs of individuals for weapons to ensure officers’ safety as well as perform warrantless searches of individuals and motor vehicles following an arrest to prevent the destruction of evidence. In Chimel v. California (1969), the U.S. Supreme Court held police were permitted to perform a warrantless search of a person arrested and the area within their immediate control “in order to remove any weapons that the [arrestee] might seek to use in order to resist arrest or effect his escape” and to prevent the “concealment or destruction” of evidence. In Arizona v. Gant (2009) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the police can search a car following arrest only if the person arrested “could have accessed his car at the time of the search.” In Maryland v. King (2013), the high court ruled in favor of crime investigation when it held that police can swab a suspect’s cheek to obtain a DNA sample to put into an unsolved crimes database arguing that it was like fingerprinting and photographing; a legitimate police booking procedure that is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
In the Massachusetts and California cases that went before the court, criminal suspects were convicted, in part, after phone numbers, text messages, photos and addresses obtained from smart phones linked them to drug and gang activity. The Supreme Court ruled that these smart phones were not in the same category as wallets, briefcases, and vehicles and indicated that “[m]odern cell phones, as a category, implicate privacy concerns far beyond those implicated by a cigarette pack, a wallet or purse.” Cellphones will no longer be subject to a limited initial examination by law enforcement. Police can no longer collect what they believe is relevant to the crime from a cellphone until they obtain a search warrant – a clear victory for privacy rights.
Before the advent of smart phones, a search of a person was limited by what was found on the arrestee’s immediate person and the court ruled that any intrusion into those items was minimal and considered an exception to the warrant requirement. Warrantless cellphone searches were allowed in Massachusetts under the premise that the search of the phone was covered by the search incident to the arrest exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement, which permits “searching for weapons, instruments of escape, and evidence of crime when a person is taken into official custody and lawfully detained.” Commonwealth vs. Phifer, 463 Mass. 790 (2012). The SJC held that checking the arrestee’s cell phone call history in order to discover evidence of the crime of arrest was acceptable when police had probable cause to believe the search of the cell phone would reveal evidence of crime.
The Supreme Court recognized the unique nature of cellphones, which can digitally record nearly every aspect of a person’s life, to be more like microprocessors which also happen to operate as telephones, and ruled that they are fundamentally different than other personal items carried by a person. With the touch of a button one can review banking records, medical history and private conversations that can go back for years. The fact that so much data can be stored on such a small device does not make it any less worthy of the protection of the Fourth Amendment.
Steven J. Topazio is a Boston Criminal Attorney with offices located in at 10 Winthrop Square, Suite 4100, Boston, MA 02110, and can be contacted via Web: www.topaziolaw.com or Email @ stopazio@topaziolaw.com